Metallurgical Challenges in Self-Replicating Interstellar Probes

The article examines metallurgical and thermodynamic challenges in self-replicating interstellar probes, highlighting four critical barriers including material beneficiation, reduction metallurgy, process closure, and long-term aging. It argues these issues stem from thermodynamic constraints rather than physical impossibilities, impacting the feasibility of von Neumann probes and the Fermi Paradox.

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